Essay/Term paper: The brady bill

Essay, term paper, research paper:  Political Science

The Brady Bill

Introduction
The legislative process in the United States Congress shows us an
interesting drama in which a bill becomes a law through compromises made by
diverse and sometimes conflicting interests in this country. There have been
many controversial bills passed by Congress, but among all, I have taken a
particular interest in the passage of the Brady bill. When the Brady debate was
in full swing in Congress about three years ago, I was still back in my country,
Japan, where the possession of guns is strictly restricted by laws. While
watching television news reports on the Brady debate, I wondered what was making
it so hard for this gun control bill to pass in this gun violence ridden
country. In this paper, I will trace the bill's seven year history in Congress,
which I hope will reveal how partisan politics played a crucial role in the
Brady bill's passage in this policy making branch.
The Brady bill took its name from Jim Brady, the former press secretary
of President Reagan, who was shot in the head and partially paralyzed in the
assassination attempt on the president in 1981. This bill was about a waiting
period on handgun purchases allowing police to check the backgrounds of the
prospective buyers to make sure that guns are not sold to convicted felons or to
those who are mentally unstable. Even the proponents of the bill agreed that
the effect of the bill on curbing the gun violence might be minimal considering
the fact that the majority of guns used for criminal purposes were purchased
through illegal dealers. However, the Brady Bill represented the first major
gun control legislation passed by Congress for more than 20 years, and it meant
a significant victory for gun control advocates in their way toward even
stricter gun control legislation in the future.

Gun Rights vs. Gun Control
The Brady bill, the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, was first
introduced by Edward F. Feighan (D-OH) in the House of the100th Congress as
HR975 on February 4, 1987. The bill was referred to the Judiciary Committee,
and the debate began. Throughout the debate on the Brady bill, there was always
a clear partisan split; most of the Democrats, except for those from the
Southern states, supported the bill while most of the Republicans were in the
opposition. For example, when the first introduced Brady bill lost to an
amendment by Bill McCollum (R-FL) for a study of an instant check system (228-
182), most Republicans voted for the McCollum amendment (127 for and 45 against)
while the majority of the Democrats voted against it (127 for and 137 against).
The exception was the Southern Democrats most of whom joined the Republicans to
vote for the amendment. This party division was not so surprising, however,
considering the huge campaign contributions made by the chief gun lobby, the
National Rifle Association (NRA), directed mostly to the Republicans, and the
exception of the Southern Democrats could be explained by the gun right
supportive nature of their constituents. In the 1992 election for example, this
organization made $1.7 million contribution to its sympathetic congressional
candidates and spent another $870,000 in independent expenditures for
congressional races.1 The influence the NRA exercised on the legislation was
enormous since the final bill passed in 1993 was a compromise version reflecting
some of the NRA-sought provisions. I could say that it was because of this
persistent lobby that the Brady bill took as long as 7 years to become a law.
On the other side, the advocates of the bill enjoyed a wide support from
the public as well as from the Handgun Control Inc., the chief gun control lobby
led by Sarah Brady, the wife of James Brady. The consistent public support for
the bill from the introduction through the passage of the bill was manifested by
many polls. One of the polls conducted by NBC News and Wall Street Journal on
the enactment of the bill said that 74 percent of the 1,002 respondents agreed
that "the law is good but more is needed."2 It is without question that this
public support played a significant role in the eventual passage of the bill.
The Brady bill passed the House in the 102nd Congress
After almost four years from its first introduction to the Congress, the
Brady bill was reintroduced to the House in the 102nd Congress as HR 7 on
January 3, 1991, sponsored by 76 representatives including Feighan, William J
Hughes (D-NJ), and Charles Schumer (D-NY). The bill was referred to the
Judiciary Committee, and the hearings began in the Judiciary Subcommittee on
Crime on March 21, 1991. As written, this bill required a seven-day waiting
period on the handgun purchases. Schumer, the chairman as well as the chief
sponsor of the bill, explained before the Subcommittee that the Brady bill "has
a very simple purpose: to keep lethal handguns out of the hands of people who
shouldn't have them.3" Aside from the firm support from the public, the bill
also gained the backing from the former president Reagan who, in a tribute to
James Brady, said that it is "just plain common sense that there be a waiting
period to allow local law enforcement officials to conduct background checks on
those who wish to buy a handgun."4 This Reagan's remark was significant since
he had long been a member of the NRA.
On April 10, the Subcommittee approved to send the bill to the Judiciary
Committee by the vote of 9-4. The votes were clearly divided along the party
line with the sole exception of F. James Sensenbrenner Jr. (R-WI), one of the
few GOP supporters of the bill, who joined the Democrats to vote for it. In the
meantime, the lobbying by both sides had intensified. The NRA claimed that the
bill went against the principle of the Constitution, pointing out the Second
Amendment which says: "A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security
of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be
infringed." They argued that it was not the guns but the people who committed
crimes, saying that tougher sentences for the criminals would work better than
the waiting period in reducing crimes. On the other hand, James Brady was
lobbying intensely in his wheelchair supported by his-wife-led Handgun Control
Inc., which had an emotional appeal to other members of Congress.
In the Judiciary Committee, Harley O. Staggers Jr. (D-WV), pushed by the
NRA, proposed a substitute bill (HR 1412) which would require states to set up
an instant check system so that gun dealers could find out immediately on a
telephone call whether the purchaser had a criminal record without any wait.
The Staggers' alternative, however, reminded many of the McCollum amendment that
wrecked the Brady bill in 1988. With the acknowledgment of the Attorney General,
Dick Thornburgh, that the practical use of such instant check system would be
years away,5 the Staggers' substitute was rejected by the Committee by the vote
of 11-23. The committee then proceeded to vote on the Brady bill (HR 7),
approving it by the 23-11 vote. On May 8, the Staggers' amendment was rejected
again (193-234) on the floor. The House went on to approve the seven-day
waiting period Brady bill by the vote of 239-186, placing it on the Senate
calendar on June 3.

Debate in the Senate
In the Senate, the proponents of the Brady bill, including the Majority
Leader George J. Mitchell (D-ME), were working hard to keep the Brady language
part of the omnibus crime legislation (S-1241) which had already been passed by
the House-Senate conference committee. Ted Stevens (R-AK) proposed an amendment
to replace the waiting period with an instant-check system. This amendment was
very much similar to the Staggers' proposal made in the House, ensuring that the
potential buyers who were eligible for the purchase would not have to wait to
buy a gun. Stevens and other GOP opponents argued that the waiting period would
not reduce the crime rate since it would not affect the majority of criminals
who could purchase guns illegally while affecting the law-abiding citizens'
Second Amendment right to purchase a gun for sports and hunting purposes. In
response to this argument, Mitchell and his other pro-Brady Democrats maintained
that developing a software for a national instant background check system would
take years, and even if it was available, instant checks would not work as a
deterrent to hot-blooded crimes by those without criminal records. Mitchell
called the Stevens' plan "a transparent effort to eliminate the waiting
period,"6 saying that it was just a pretense to the public to endorse gun
control while actually blocking it.
On June 28, the Senate rejected the Stevens' amendment by the vote of
44-54 with all but nine Democrats, all from Southern or rural states, voting
against it. The 54 votes, however, were not enough for the Brady advocates
since they would need 6 more votes to stop a possible GOP filibuster. On the
other hand, filibustering was not the best solution for the GOP opponents
neither, since in doing so, they would have to sacrifice the crime bill they
wanted.
Resulting from this situation was a compromise by Mitchell, Metzenbaum,
and the GOP leader Bob Dole (R-KS). In this compromise, the length of the
waiting period was changed from seven days to five business days, and a new
provision was added which would end the waiting period in two and a half years
upon the Attorney General's confirmation that the instant check system met
certain standards. Nevertheless, it was the six votes that determined the fate
of the Brady bill in the 102nd Congress. The Senate failed to take final action
before the end of the 1991 congressional session, and even with the passage in
the House, the Brady bill still had to wait two more years for its final passage.


In the 103rd Congress (House)
In 1993, the year in which the Brady bill got enacted, there was a
growing national tide favoring stricter gun control. The Brady proponents were
upbeat with an expectation that the long-debated bill would finally pass that
year. The surge in the public support was promising; a CNN/USA Today/Gallup
Poll conducted during March 12 through 14 showed that 88 percent of their 1,007
respondents favored the bill.7 The gun control advocates also had two
significant victories in two States; in Virginia, a legislation was passed
restricting handgun purchases to one gun purchase per month, and in New Jersey,
the NRA and other gun rights advocates lost in their effort to repeal the
state's ban on selling assault rifles. Furthermore, the 103rd Congress had a
pro-Brady president. In contrast to Bush, a longtime NRA member, President
Clinton openly expressed his support for the bill; in his speech to Congress on
February 17, he said: "If you pass the Brady bill, I'll sure sign it." Facing
this nationwide pro-Brady tide, Even the NRA showed a slight change in its
language; James Jay Baker, the top NRA lobbyist, said that his organization
might be able to approve certain version of the bill.8
In this favorable atmosphere, the Brady bill was introduced in the103rd
Congress in the House as HR 1025 on February 22, 1993 by Schumer and 98 other
cosponsors, referred to the Judiciary Committee. The chairman of the Committee,
Jack Brooks (D-TX) agreed to keep the bill separate from his other overall crime
legislation (HR 3131), encouraging the Brady supporters with a hope to pass the
bill before the scheduled Thanksgiving adjournment. By the direction of the
Rules Committee, the House voted on the House Resolution 302, a rule providing
for the floor consideration of the Brady bill, approving it by the vote of 238-
182. As written, the bill provided for a five-day waiting period upon handgun
purchases as well as the establishment of a national instant criminal background
check system. The bill also had a provision requiring that the waiting period
phase out upon the Attorney General's approval of the viability of the
nationwide instant check. The bill by then already represented a compromise
between the Brady waiting period and the NRA instant check.
On the floor, the GOP opponents proposed a series of amendments. George
W. Gekas (R-PA) offered an amendment ending the waiting period after five years
from its enforcement regardless of the viability of the replacing instant check
system. Schumer argued that the Gekas' so-called sunset provision was an
unrealistic deadline, pointing out the varying criminal record keeping of each
States. However, Gekas and other proponents of the amendment insisted that the
sunset provision was necessary in order to pressure the Justice Department to
establish the computer check system promptly. The Gekas' amendment prevailed on
a 236-98 vote.
McCollum proposed an amendment which would revoke the existing State
waiting periods on the installment of the national instant check system. Some
States had already adopted waiting periods, and the Brady bill would not affect
those states having a waiting period of more than five days. McCollum claimed
that his proposal would make the bill much fairer and more balanced, and assured
that it would not affect other State gun laws such as Virginia's one gun
purchase per month legislation. However, meeting with strong opposition from
Schumer and others, this amendment preempting State laws was rejected 175-257.
There was another amendment proposed by Jim Ramstad (R-MN) requiring the police
to provide within 20 days a reason for any denial of a handgun purchase. This
amendment was accepted by Schumer, and was adopted easily by the vote of 431-2.
The House proceeded to voted on the Brady bill on Nov. 10. Just before
the vote, the chief sponsor Schumer encouraged other Representatives on the
floor to vote for the bill, saying: "today's votes gives the House of
Representatives a real chance to stem the violence on our streets and calm the
fear of our citizens." The bill was passed by the House. It was the second
time for the House to pass the Brady bill, and this time, the vote was 238-189.


Passage in the Senate
In the Senate, the Brady bill was introduced as S 414 by Metzenbaum on
February 24, 1993, referred to the Judiciary Committee and placed on the
calendar on March 3. The bill was almost identical to the Dole-Metzenbaum-
Mitchell compromise approved by the Senate in June 1991, requiring a five-day
waiting period on handgun purchases which was to be removed once an instant
check system became operational. After a long negotiation, the Senate agreed to
take up the bill separately from the overall crime bill,9 which paved the way
for the floor consideration of the bill on November 19.
However, the threat of the unsatisfied GOP opponents to block the bill
led to an agreement between the Majority Leader Mitchell and the Minority Leader
Dole. Under this agreement, the two leaders was to offer a substitute, and the
Senate would then vote on the House-passed version of the Brady bill (HR 1025)
with the text of the substitute inserted in lieu thereof. The Mitchell-Dole
substitute included two new provisions: the sunset provision and the preemption
provision, both of which had been sought by the NRA. The sunset provision was
identical to the Gekas amendment passed by the House which would end the waiting
period five years, and the preemption provision was the same as the McCollum
amendment rejected by the House.
At the beginning of the debate on November 19, Mitchell made it clear
that he had agreed to cosponsor this bipartisan compromise as a procedural means
to move the long-debated Brady bill through the Senate. The Majority Leader
then declared that he would now move on to eliminate those two provisions with
which he totally disagreed. The Mitchell-Dole agreement provided, however, that
if either or both of those provisions were to be stricken, the Republican
opponents would then block the bill, which meant that the Brady proponents would
need at least 60 votes to stop the GOP filibuster to pass the bill and send it
to the House. Mitchell and his other Democratic proponents succeeded to pass an
amendment striking the preemption language of the Mitchell-Dole substitute on a
vote of 54-45. The other amendment proposed by Metzenbaum to strike the sunset
provision, however, was defeated 43 -56. The Senate then moved on to the
consideration of the Mitchell-Dole substitute with one provision thus amended.
Throughout the debate, the proponents spoke fervently in support of the
bill. Edward M. Kennedy (D-MA) argued that it was time to take action against
the epidemic of gun violence in the country, showing shocking statistics which
demonstrated the increasing number of gun-related crimes and deaths. He
claimed that the waiting period would not only curb the spread of guns by
keeping the lethal weapons out of the hands of convicted felons, but it would
also reduce the crimes committed in the heat of the moment by providing a
cooling off period. Senators whose States had already adopted waiting periods
demonstrated with data that the waiting period had already been proven to work
in stopping a significant number of handgun purchases by convicted felons.
Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) showed that her State's 15-day waiting period stopped
8,060 convicted felons, 1859 drug users, 827 people with mental illnesses as
well as 720 minors from purchasing a gun during January 1991 and September 1993.
The freshman Senator from California maintained that even though her State's
crime rate was "unacceptably" high, it could have been much worse without the
legislation.
Dole and other GOP opponents, however, insisted that they would continue
their efforts to thwart the passage of the bill unless the preemption language
was included. Mitchell promptly rejected the GOP demand, criticizing the double
principles of those who, having once insisted that they could not support the
Brady bill because it was the Federal Government telling the States what to do,
turned around and said that they now liked the preemption. Metzenbaum joined in
the argument against the GOP opponents, saying they were blocking the bill
"because they were scared to death of the National Rifle Association," and
calling their demand for the preemption provision "an effort to kill the bill."
Both sides did not yield, and with two cloture motions having failed to quash
the Republican-led filibuster, one in the afternoon (57-42) and the other at 11
o'clock at night (57-41), the Brady bill was thought by many dead again in the
Senate.
It was the dissatisfaction of a handful of Republicans with the outcome
and their dread of being blamed for killing this popular legislation that saved
the life of the Brady bill. The following day, the discontent of those
Republicans who decided to cast a straight vote sent Dole to the negotiating
table again, where he was forced to settle down with a new compromise which
carried no preemption language. It was actually identical to the one that he
and other GOP opponents had filibustered the day before except for the change in
the sunsetting period; the compromise bill would end the waiting period four
years after its enforcement, instead of five years, with a possible extension
for another year upon the Attorney General's request.
Consequently, by unanimous consent, the Senate agreed to vote on the
House-passed version of the Brady bill (HR 1025) with the text of the compromise
inserted in lieu thereof, and also to request a conference with the House to
reconcile the differing versions of the Brady bill. The Brady bill (HR 1025) as
amended was passed easily on a vote of 64 to 36, and sent back to the House with
a request for a conference.

Toward The Passage
On November 22, the House agreed to the request of the Senate for a
conference upon the adoption of House Resolution 322 by the vote of 238-187.
The conferees were appointed by the Chairs of each chambers: Brooks, Hughes,
Schumer, Sensenbrenner, and Gekas from the House and Joseph R. Biden. Jr. (D-DE),
Kennedy, Metzenbaum, Orrin G. Hatch (R-UT), and Larry E. Craig (R-ID) from the
Senate. Later, Senate Republicans replaced Hatch and Craig with Stevens and
Dirk Kempthorne (R-ID). The outcome was a conference report which preserved the
House 5-year sunset of the waiting period with no provisions for the Attorney
General to replace it with the instant check system before then. Several
Senate-passed provisions had also been dropped: the provision expanding the
definition of antique firearms exempt from gun restrictions to include thousands
of functioning World War era rifles, and the one allowing gun sales between
dealers from different states. A new provision was added in the report which
would require that the police be notified of multiple purchases.
Soon after the conference, the chief Senate negotiator Biden explained
how they got to the conference report. According to his statement, at the
beginning of the conference, Stevens, a member of the NRA board of directors,
announced that the only acceptable outcome for the Senate Republican conferees,
Kempthone and himself, would be the Senate-passed version of the Brady bill
unchanged. The Senate bill had a provision ending the waiting period as early
as two years after the enforcement if the instant background check met certain
standards. All of the House conferees including the House Republican conferees
rejected that demand, which led to the adoption of the conference report
accepted by all the House conferees, Republicans and Democrats alike, and the
Senate Democratic conferees. Thus, the conference report was made with Stevens
and Kempthorne casting dissenting votes.
The House approved the conference report (H. Rept. 103-412) easily on a
vote of 238-187. In the Senate, however, after the explanation on the
conference report, Dole and other Republican opponents fired at Biden with
accusations that he and other Democratic Senate conferees completely ignored the
wishes of the Senate in the conference. Dole said, "I don't think that under
these conditions, cloture will be invoked this year or next year."10
Throughout the day November 23, the hostile atmosphere occupied the
Senate floor as the debate continued. Majority Leader Mitchell declared that he
was determined to force the issue to another vote during the year even though it
would mean the post-Thanksgiving session which nobody wanted. Later in the day,
he presented two cloture motions for November 30 and December 1.
The breakdown of the impasse came the following day, November 24, when
Dole agreed to accept the terms of the conference report under a compromise that
he would submit a separate bill with the Senate-passed provisions, which was to
be considered and voted immediately in January as soon as the Senate returned to
business. Obviously, this solution was prompted by the loathing of most
senators to come back from their respective States to Washington after
Thanksgiving break as well as by the pro-Brady public pressure. Consequently,
the Senate approved the conference report by unanimous consent.
After seven years of debate, the Brady bill was finally passed by the
103rd Congress. President Clinton, as he had promised, signed the bill into law
on November 30, and the Brady bill became Public Law 103-159.

Beyond the passage
Three years have passed since the passage of the Brady bill, but the
fight of Jim and Sarah Brady and other gun control advocates still continues for
stricter gun control legislation. In early 1994, they succeeded in passing the
assault weapons ban with the Brady momentum, but since then the NRA has
intensified its lobbying, declaring to repeal the gun control legislation. In
1994 elections, for example, the NRA spent $3.2 million to get its supporters
elected.11 The last 1996 election was also a victory for the NRA in that many of
its supporters got re-elected even though their member Dole was defeated by
Clinton in the Presidential race. Their most powerful supporter in the Congress
is probably the House Speaker Newt Gingrich (R-GA), who once wrote in his letter
to the NRA chief lobbyist Tanya Metaksa: "As long as I am Speaker of this House,
no gun control legislation is going to move in committee or on the floor of this
House."12 Even with the GOP majority in Congress, however, it is sure that NRA
supporters will face a major obstacle in the newly-reelected President Clinton,
who has declared: "For all the things that will be debated, you can mark my
words, the Brady law and the assault weapons bill are here to stay. They will
not be repealed.13"
Currently, the Supreme Court is hearing a lawsuit filed by NRA-backed
gun control opponents. They claim that the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act
violates the 10th Amendment of the Constitution which protects state and local
government from certain federal interference. The NRA says it wants to repeal
the waiting period as well as the background checks,14 which reveals the
organization's true intention when it supported the background checks in its
fight against the passage of the Brady bill. The battle between the NRA and the
Handgun Control Inc. will continue with the NRA supporters leading the Congress
and President Clinton challenging them with the veto power. Nevertheless, the
Brady bill, with its unwavering public support, will be the hardest bill to
repeal.
The passage of the Brady bill of 1993 is one of the best case studies of
the legislative process in the U.S. Congress. The seven year history of the
bill demonstrated how partisan politics played a crucial role in the outcome of
the bill, and how difficult it was to make bipartisan compromises to move the
bill through Congress.
In concluding this research report, I would like to express my deepest
respect for those who worked hard for the passage of the Brady bill, including
Jim and Sarah Brady.